Leadership in Infromation Technology Research Paper

Leadership in Infromation Technology - Research Paper Example However, little population ranks self-knowledge as most critical. Using means, the rank order of knowledge domains is as follows: Business environments (1.5) Technology (2.14) Self and human resources (2.57 and 2.57) Finance (3.86) Much of the literature available addresses leadership at a strategic level. Clearly the most critical role of effective IT leaders is perceived to be the communicator role, followed by facilitator, guide, partner, and collaborator. Informal management styles seem to be preferred in technology intense organizations. (Lewis, S. & Lewis, 2005) The roles of tactician, technical guru, and human resources leader receives middle rankings while commander, servant, dictator, king or queen receive the lowest ranking for effective IT leaders. Congruent with this ranking of roles for effective IT leaders, team building is considered the most important function, followed by management, then creating. Leadership in Information Technology in Private Industry When the inf ormation technological skills of leadership are combined with an ability to use software to solve IT problems as in Acorn Computer City, New York, leaders of the organization are better equipped to move among the various agencies comprising our society. It was assessed whether leaders of IT firm can be trained, what characteristics are important for IT leaders of the organization, and what is the best environment to encourage IT leadership. While strategic leadership is possible at all levels within the organization, there is a need for work on leadership at the project leader/project manager level. As Sear (2008) pointed out, IT leaders have a difficult time making the transition from skilled technical work to project leader. Not only are they better able to use software to manage their... The concept of communication with a physician via e-mail is not really a future capability; it is available now and used to a very limited extent. What stands in the way of its widespread use is not the absence of cutting-edge communication technology, but rather a broken payment system. Physicians are paid relatively well for procedures, relatively poorly for office visits, and not at all for telephone or e-mail advice. Increasing the bandwidth for patients without fixing reimbursement is more likely to lead to a future state where frustrated patients complain, "My doctor doesn't return my phone calls or answer my e-mail." One of the more contentious but critically important issues today is the so-called misalignment of the costs and benefits of health IT. Essentially, the argument is that under our current fragmented healthcare system, physicians and hospitals pay for IT, and most of the benefit flows to payers. The Center for Information Technology Leadership modeled the cost and benefit of an ambulatory computerized physician order entry system, and concluded that 89 percent of the benefit accrued to payers, with only 11 percent flowing to providers (Johnston et al. 2003). Nelson references the landmark Wang study, which looked at system benefits of an advanced EHR in an office practice. Wang concluded that primarily by reducing pharmacy expenditures and avoiding redundant testing, payers would save about $86,000 per physician over five years-thus making the first real economic argument for payers funding EHRs for physicians.

Based on public health role in flu epidemic, identify one ethical Research Paper

Based on public health role in flu epidemic, identify one ethical consideration and one cultural consideration for a public health response. What is the nurse's role in address each of these - Research Paper Example Moreover, the paper will demonstrate the role of a nurse in each of the considerations. Being prepared for flu epidemic is crucial since it ensures that the public health system can mitigate the effects of the pandemic. However, certain ethical and cultural considerations must be deliberated on while deciding the appropriate measures. Nurses play an important role in the response to flu pandemic. Understanding the ethical and cultural considerations as well as the role of nurse is thus important (Debruin, 2012). One ethical consideration involved is the moral commitment to justice and alleviating any barriers that could hinder the some people from accessing healthcare. Ethical guidance to public health response to pandemic should be concerned with the justice. Justice is important while dealing with pandemics and it entails disbursement of common advantages as well as equal sharing of burdens. However, justice should be accompanied by reasonableness in that the caregivers should prioritize the needs of the affected population based on their level of vulnerability. Therefore, the public health system should make a pledge to serve all the affected persons with first priority being given to most affect without ignoring those likely to be affected by the epidemic. In a flu pandemic, nurses have a role of enhancing justice by ensuring that they focus on the needs of the most disadvantaged and give equal priority to all irrespective of their ethical background (Debruin, 2012). During pandemics, the public health personnel have to make decisions, which may conflict individual interest with the community interests. However, the response must take into account cultural considerations to ensure that even the minority groups access adequate care. One cultural consideration is the cultural diversity of a nation (Institute of Medicine, et al., 2008). It is important for the caregivers to

Decoding the past the secrets of kabbalah Movie Review

Decoding the past the secrets of kabbalah - Movie Review Example The literal meaning of Kabbalah is â€Å"receiving.† It relates to mystical features of Rabbinic Judaism. Creator is the All-pervading power that controls everything in the world. The quality of helping others and charitable disposition paves the way for the Creator for the well-being of the individual. The movie brings to the reach of the common viewers the exclusive philosophy and religious practices of Judaism that is reserved for study by ultra-religious scholars. The scene has undergone total transformation. It is a multi-million dollars industry now, and celebrity-endorsed venture. The secrets for thousands of years have been demystified. To grasp the original teachings is still a far cry for the commoner, and one has some idea as to what Kabbalah is all about, after viewing the movie. The problem with the movie is that it presumes that the viewer has the backgrounder information about Judaism. So if you are going with the hope of watching the secrets of the mystical history of Judaism, the way the rituals are conducted and their importance, you will be disappointed. The script of the movie is based on many texts whose authenticity is doubtful. They are unable to provide tangible information and reveal the secret alphanumeric code in the Torah. Unless the viewers have the cultural knowledge of Judaism, watching the movie will not be a rewarding experience. A movie of 50 minutes duration will certainly not be able to provide complete information about the secrets of mysticisms of Judaism. The message through the movie is clear and straightforward but it is incomplete. When you are dealing with the intricacies of a profound philosophy, to learn which the rabbis take a lifetime, how justice can be made to the subject with a capsule of 50 minutes? There are many hidden meanings in the revelations of Judaism, unless the producer or the director is well- versed in them, the dialogues will not carry the intended import. It

Approaches to Exceptional Psychology Essay Example for Free

Approaches to Exceptional Psychology Essay Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapies are possible in intervention for hydrocephalus. This approach focuses on changing problematic behaviors, feelings, and thoughts by discovering their unconscious meanings and motivations. Psychoanalytically oriented therapies are characterized by a close working partnership between therapist and patient. Patients learn about themselves by exploring their interactions in the therapeutic relationship. While psychoanalysis is closely identified with Sigmund Freud, it has been extended and modified since his early formulations. Psychoanalytic therapies have a strong research base confirming their efficacy. Hydrocephalus is usually the result of another medical problem within the skull. Medical interventions of hydrocephalus usually include a surgical shunt or medication or both. Therapist and patients should have a good relationship with each other. Cognitive approach Cognitive approach can be either applied in hydrocephalus intervention. Cognitive therapy emphasizes what people think rather than what they do. Cognitive therapists believe that its dysfunctional thinking that leads to dysfunctional emotions or behaviors. By changing their thoughts, people can change how they feel and what they do. The therapist role is to strengthen and encourage the families of the client that there is still hope inspite of the unwanted condition. The therapist can change the mindset of the client and the families of the client to still look in the positive outlook of the situation. While there is no cure for this ailment, there are still two surgical treatment that can be applied to Hydrocephalus. These are Shunt Placement and Third Ventriculostomy. Shunt Placement diverts the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a site within the central nervous system (CNS) to another area of the body where it can be absorbed as part of the circulatory process. For some people, hydrocephalus treatment can be performed using an alternative procedure called third ventriculostomy. With this option, a neuroendoscope(a small camera designed to visualize small and difficult-to-reach surgical areas)allows a healthcare provider to view the ventricular surface using fiber optic technology. The scope is guided into position so that a small hole can be made in the floor of the third ventricle, allowing the CSF to bypass the obstruction and flow toward the site of resorption around the surface of the brain. Approaches to treating hydrocephalus are both patient-focused and family-centered. Therapist should never lose sight of the fact that the client is , first and foremost, an individual—not merely a patient.

Types of Businesses

Types of Businesses Outline Definition of each Business model Break down of each model Memorandum Sole Proprietorship: enterprise that is owned and controlled by one person and where there is no legal distinction between the proprietor and the enterprise. General Partnership: A partnership is fashioned when two or more individuals consents to carry on an enterprise jointly. Limited Partnership: Where two or more parties join together to from a company where the management is broken down into general partnerships and limited partnerships. C-Corporation: As a rule most clear trait of the corporation is that it is officially regarded as a private unit, disconnected from its proprietors, who are own the shares of the company. S-Corporation: A special form of corporation that that has the benefits of limited liability but the profits and losses go right to the shareholders. Limited Liability Company: type of company, authorized only in some states, whose owners and managers receive the limited liability and (usually) tax benefits of an S Corporation without having to conform to the S corporation restrictions. Break Down Of Each Model Sole Proprietorship: Liability: All resources of the enterprise are possessed by the owner and all amounts outstanding of the enterprise are their debts and they must pay them from their personal funds. This means that the proprietor has infinite liability. Income Taxes: All earnings from the company will be taxed as income. Sole proprietors are required to report all the companys earnings or lack or earnings on their private tax return; the enterprise itself is not taxed independently. The owner pays self employment tax. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: Sole proprietors have a track recorded of limited longevity because of the fact that their have a harder time finding funding. Most if not all of the funding comes from the individual owners assists. This also influences the enterprises ability to grow in the future. Control: Sole Proprietorship offer the most control of any enterprise. The owner has all the say in how the company is ran. Profit Retention: Sole Proprietorships offer the most returns on profits to the owner. In a nutshell anything that the company makes as profits are in fact the owners because from a legal stand point the company and the owner are the same. Location: Sole Proprietorships can pretty much be anywhere. Yet, depending on the laws of the areas that one is doing operating in it may be necessary to get a DBA or Doing Business As certificate. This can be filled at most county clerks office throughout the United States. Convenience or Burden: A sole proprietor has absolute command and managerial clout over the establishment. Selling or transferring can happen at the option of the owner. The owner doesnt pay a corporate tax. Burdens of a sole proprietorship are that the proprietor is legally responsible for the sum unpaid and commitment of the enterprise. Furthermore, broaden to any responsibilities acquired by deeds carry out by staff of the business. All tasks and day to day running is done by the owner. It is very hard to get investors to invest their funds in these types of companies. General Partnership: Liability: All resources of the enterprise are possessed by the owners and all debts of the enterprise are their debts and they must pay them from their personal funds. This means that the proprietors have all the liability. Yet, the liability is shared so some kind of a buffer exists. Income Taxes: All earnings from the company will be taxed as income. The proprietors are required to report all the companys earnings or lack of earnings on their personal tax return; the enterprise itself is not taxed separately. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: General Partnership have a track recorded of limited longevity because of the fact that their have a harder time finding funding. Most if not all of the funding comes from the proprietors owners assists. This also influences the enterprises ability to grow in the future. Control: Each proprietor usually has an equal amounted vest in the partnership and therefore has equal amount of control. Profit Retention: Each proprietor usually has an equal amounted vest in the partnership and therefore usually has an equal share of the profits. Location: General Partnership can pretty much be anywhere. Yet depending on the laws of the areas that one is doing operating in it may be necessary to get a DBA or Doing Business As certificate. This can be filled at most county clerks office throughout the United States. Also most if not all of General Partnership have some form of a legal written contract so once more it just depends on what state and area one is doing business in if they would have to fill the exact contract at the court house or not. Convenience or Burden: General partnerships provide a means of coming up with funds fast, and can let many individuals merge assets and skills to help the company.The major burden is the owners are accountable for whatever actions the company makes good or bad. All partners may also be held responsible for amount outstanding, choices, and measures done by the other associates or partners. Limited Partnership: Liability: offer personal liability protection for limited partners, but not for general partners Income Taxes: profits from the Limited Partnership generally pass through the partnership and will be reported on the personal income tax returns of the partner Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: of limited longevity because of the fact that their have a harder time finding funding. Often times this is used for fast get in get out types of transactions. Funding is found in the form of investors who become limited partners. Control: General partners make have the most control and limited partners have the least. Profit Retention: Profit Retention is normally based on how much money that the partner puts into the company/venture and at what level the partner is operating as a general or limited partner in the company. Location: required to file documents with the relevant state registration office. Convenience or Burden: A limited partnership is a good fit for those who have the money to invest but doesnt have time needed to run the company or the skill sets to see that things are done right. The major burdens all the paper work it takes to fill this kind og company at the state level. Also general partners are fully liable for everything that happens good or bad. C-Corporation: Liability protects your personal assets by creating a business entity that is distinct and can operate under its own name. Income Taxes: Corporation taxed on its earnings at a corporate level and shareholders are taxed on any distributed dividends Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: They tend to have a longer life span due to the fact that its easier these businesses to seek outside investment. Control: There are many ways that a corporation can operate but for the most part major decisions must be approved by the share holders or the members of the board. Profit Retention: All profits are kept by the company. Salaries are paid based on work that is done for the company. There is no pass through profits to one single person or groups. Location: registered with your secretary of state Convenience or Burden: If a person who owns stock passes away dies or wants to dump their shares, the corporation can still go on without them. Its easier to raise money as a corporation. The business and owners are not one in the same. The enterprise shareholders have no personal legal responsibility for debt made by the company. The biggest draw back is they get taxed twice. S-Corporation: Liability protects your personal assets by creating a business entity that is distinct and can operate under its own name. Income Taxes: one has to fill an IRS Form 2553, the C Corp. becomes a S Corp., the earnings and debts are passed along to the people who own shares in the company. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: They tend to have a longer life span due to the fact that its easier these businesses to seek outside investment. Control: There are many ways that a corporation can operate but for the most part major decisions must be approved by the share holders or the members of the board. Profit Retention: after paying a reasonable salary to the shareholders working in the business can be passed through as distributions of profits and are not subject to self-employment taxes. Location: registered with your secretary of state. Convenience or Burden: You can have the shelter of limited personal liability without higher taxes. Some burdens are the numerous regulations and requirements must be upheld by an S Corporation, as well as having how many shareholders it can have. Like a C Corp. setting up is expensive and there is a lot of red tape to follow. Limited Liability Company: Liability: the owners are called members, are not accountable stuff that the company did or any money that the company owes. Income Taxes: has major plasticity in this regard because its up to the owners how they pick to be taxed. In example they can pick to be taxed as sole proprietor, partnership, S-corp. or corporation. Longevity or Continuity of the Organization: LLCs are one of the more stable forms of business, because they tend to out live the person who started them.. Control: It doesnt need a board of directors so one can keep most of the control on how the business is run. Profit Retention: The entity is not taxed (unless chosen to be taxed); the earnings and debts are passed along to the people who own shares in the company. Location: registered with your secretary of state Convenience or Burden: It is frequently more accommodating than a corporation and it is complementary for businesses with a solitary proprietor. There is a lack of uniformity among limited liability company statutes. Businesses that operate in more than one state may not receive consistent treatment.

The Hobbit :: Free Essay Writer

The Hobbit The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien is set in a fantasy world that has differences, as well as similarities, to our own world. The author has created the novel's world, Middle Earth, not only by using imagination, but by also adding details from the modern world. Realistic elements in the book enable readers to relate to the setting, yet have the ability to "imagine" exciting events and organisms not found on Earth. The majority of differences between Middle Earth and today's world are found in objects and the actions of characters that can not be carried out or created in our world. The most abundant example of this in The Hobbit is the presence of magic. Gandalf, the wizard, is able to help the adventurers out of a number of dangerous situations by using his magical powers to harm their enemies. He set Wargs afire while he was trapped in a tree and created a bolt of lightening to kill many of the Goblins who had surrounded the group in a cave. The magical ring, which was a key to helping the groups succeed in the book, allowed he who was wearing it to become invisible to others. Also, there was a black stream in Mirkwood that made he who drank out of it suddenly very drowsy and forgetful of previous events. All of these examples of happenings and objects found in Middle Earth are physically impossible in a world such as ours. Several of the organisms in the book are not known to exist on Earth. Hobbits, of course, are fictional characters, as are dwarves, elves, goblins, and trolls. Many species of animals are able to vocally communicate with humans and dwarves in the novel, which is not possible on our planet. Beorn, a human who is able to morph into other creatures at an instant, is an excellent example of such fiction. The dragon, Smaug, is the main adversary of the fourteen adventurers and is a type of creature that has long been used in fantasy writing. Although most of the characters' species are merely creations of the author, they all exhibit a sense of realism that causes them to seem almost human. There is a vast difference between Middle Earth and the modern world, but there are also several similarities. In Middle Earth, there live humans, and hobbits, which are very much similar to miniature people.

Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta

Eli Lilly and company is a pharmaceutical company that was established in 1876 by Colonel Eli Lilly, who had served in the union army during the Civil War. One of the products the company developed includes the antidepressant drug Prozac, which has been a legendary product for the company and has generated billions of dollars since its launch. As Prozac’s patent expiration date approached, thereby allowing the sale of generic versions in the U. S. , the company decided to pursue a product to replace Prozac, named Cymbalta. John Kaiser, the marketing director at Eli Lilly and member of a cross-functional R&D team, new anti-depressant team (NAT), has been tasked to lead this effort. Kaiser prepared a presentation about the potential successor, Cymbalta, and convened a meeting with the NAT members to discuss its future potential. The goal of the meeting was to thoroughly analyze and discuss the pros and cons about Cymbalta’s development and strategic opportunities based on the different options of use. This paper will identify the strategic issues and problems the NAT faced in developing the new product. The paper will then analyze and evaluate the industry and market behavior by using a SWOT analysis. Finally, this paper will offer a set of recommendations based on the surrounding circumstances and options available to the Eli Lilly team. Identification of the strategic issues and problems: Eli Lilly and company’s NAT members began the process of searching for a successful replacement to Prozac by looking into the strategic choices, possibilities, and successful launch of a replacement shortly after the expiration of Prozac’s patent. Cymbalta was considered as a viable successor to Prozac because it seemed a) to be as good as or better than existing antidepressants, b) to show no signs of safety precautions or toxicity issues, c) to meet previous unmet patient needs, and d) to show promising signs of development as a product to also treat pain, especially if it did not cause special side effects. However, when Lilly developed Cymbalta back in the early 1990’s, for the major depressive disorder (MDD) market, the product failed to show satisfactory levels of efficacy for treating MDD in phase 2 trials in 1993. Additionally, Lilly had so little experience in the therapeutic area. Moreover, there were variances in the opinions of Neurologists and Psychiatrists related to the symptoms of pain, such as chronic back pain or recurring headache tied to depression. Those variances could peril the decision making process from the top management. Also, since there were no clear guidelines from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for the development of pain indications associated to depression, the likelihood of FDA approval was very slim. Kaiser and the team also encountered several constraints. The team had to decide how to prioritize the clinical trials for Cymbalta within the range of $25 to $50 million and a time frame of 15 to 18 months to design, enroll patients for trial, and then analyze and document results for the clinical trial. Each study was a major task for the NAT members and the team had the opportunity to submit only one objective to the FDA for marketing approval. On the other hand, since Cymbalta had been tested with twice daily dosages of 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg, NAT members also looked into the option of conducting a new set of clinical trials to establish once-a-day dosage of 60 mg of Cymbalta to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The new option would provide more expedient dosing for patients and would also put the product on par with the major competitors. Analysis and Evaluation: The U. S. pharmaceutical industry is complex and dynamic. It’s an industry that is characterized by high-tech research and development (R&D) expenditures and extensive regulation of its products, especially in comparison with other manufacturing sectors. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversee policies that produce faster review and approval times for drugs. The agency carefully evaluates the safety of any new drug and its efficacy. Such policies result in extended periods during which companies can exclusively market their pharmaceutical products. Longer periods of market exclusivity for pharmaceuticals then increase sales revenues, and increased sales revenues in turn lead to greater profits and potentially more funding for R&D. Treatment of depression is one area that the U. S. pharmaceutical industry has heavily invested in. The total sales of U. S. antidepressants reached close to $9 billion in the year 2000. Companies such as Eli Lilly capitalized on this opportunity and became a leading force in the antidepressant market with its Prozac drug. Antidepressant product development companies invest heavily in Research and Development (R&D), and patent it. With each successful launch of a product, they enjoy its patent rights for quite a long period of time and enjoy the exclusive rights to produce and sell that product resulting in enormous profits for the company. Thus, drug companies continuously attempt to differentiate their product from competitors and bundle in such a way that is more tailored to segment of the market where they can realize higher profits. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: †¢Potential successor to a highly successful brand – Prozac from a well-established company in the pharmaceutical industry. Part of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) group of drugs, which is popular and had fewer side effects than tricyclic anti-depressant (TCA) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). †¢Potential to treat both depression and chronic pain, such as headache and backache caused by depression. Weaknesses: †¢Product that is not different from competitors' brands. †¢Twice-a-day dosing regimen of 20-40 mg. Threats: †¢Serious market competition from competitors' brands such as Paxils and Zoloft with same efficacy. No clear concession amongst physicians as to the nature of link between depression and pain. †¢Attempting to compare Cymbalta to existing SSRI on pain might fail to conclusively separate from competitors, thus giving rival drugs an implicit endorsement for treating pain. Opportunities: †¢Potential development of 60 mg once-a-day dosage with high efficacy. †¢The possibility of pursuing patients with fibromyalgia (severe muscle pain and chronic fatigue) and Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain or DPNP (a painful and debilitating complication of diabetes). According to the National Studies of Health, over 40 million Americans were unable to find relief from their pain, including patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP. Pros and Cons of Plausible Alternatives: If developed successfully, Cymbalta could be a unique product that has the ability to significantly reduce and improve depression and pain. Patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP could greatly benefit from Cymbalta. The pain relief may also be great for patients who suffer from depression and chronic pain like headache and backache. The NAT’s idea of pursuing the 60 mg daily dosage is also attractive if it delivers the same efficacy of current antidepressant drugs in the market. However, all of this comes with its perils. The company has to evaluate the risks and any potential side effects that the 60 mg per day dosage may have on patients. They also have to assess the feasibility of conducting a clinical trial with a 15 to 18 months’ timeframe and a projected cost of $25 to $50 million. Additionally, they would have to convince the FDA that the new product is ready to market. Failure of any of the aforementioned obstacles could result in loss of the antidepressant market to competitors. Recommendations: Depression and chronic pain diseases, such as fibromyalgia and DPNP, have a profound effect in society at large. Studies in scientific publications have estimated that depression affects 10% to 25% of the population. The antidepressant market in the U. S. in 2000 totaled sales of approximately $9 billion. Eli Lilly has positioned itself well in this market segment. The company has enjoyed a market lead with annual sales of over $2 billion with its antidepressant drug, Prozac. Cymbalta needs to focus on maintaining and increasing that $2 billion dollar revenue Prozac has achieved over the past years, by building on the successful foundations Prozac has already established. It is important to develop an updated product that will undoubtedly outperform its competitors. Cymbalta might be a successful replacement because of its good efficacy or efficacy better than existing antidepressants, Cymbalta also has no apparent safety or toxicity issues, and its possibilities of meeting a previously unmet patient needs, exemplifies why Cymbalta has the potential to total higher record sales than even Prozac.